The parathyroid glands consist of four glands that regulate serum calcium levels through parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the chief cells. PTH acts on bones, kidneys, and the intestine, promoting calcium release, reabsorption, and absorption, respectively, as well as stimulating vitamin D production. Its secretion is regulated by serum calcium and vitamin D levels through a negative feedback mechanism. Oxyphil cells, which are present in smaller numbers, have no clearly defined endocrine function. Hyperparathyroidism increases serum calcium levels and may be primary, secondary, or tertiary, whereas hypoparathyroidism reduces calcium levels and is usually caused by surgery. Both disorders severely affect mineral and neuromuscular balance [1].
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a very rare endocrine malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and presenting with an extremely low annual incidence. It can occur at any age, including in the pediatric population. The mean age at diagnosis reported in most clinical series ranges from 51 to 57 years, with no clear sex predilection. Its etiology is often unknown, although it has been associated with genetic syndromes such as hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome and mutations in the CDC73 gene, among others [2,3].
Clinically, PC presents symptoms of severe hyperparathyroidism and may include a palpable neck mass and serious metabolic complications. Definitive diagnosis requires histological confirmation of tumor invasion, which makes preoperative identification challenging. Early surgical intervention is the treatment of choice to improve prognosis. Due to the rarity of this disease, case reports are valuable to expand clinical and therapeutic knowledge [4].
This case report presents a clinical experience in Ecuador, it describes the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of a patient with parathyroid carcinoma. It aims at contributing to the understanding and management of this rare disease in the local context.
A 27-year-old male patient with no relevant past medical or surgical history was referred from a hospital within the Ecuadorian public health network due to persistent pain in the right knee of approximately one year's duration, which worsened following a traumatic event. After the trauma, radiographic studies of the affected limb revealed an osteolytic lesion at the distal condyle of the right femur associated with a pathological fracture. Based on the radiological characteristics of the lesion, osteosarcoma was initially considered as presumptive diagnosis.
Upon hospital admission, the patient was conscious, hemodynamically stable, and reported mild pain localized to the affected limb. Physical examination revealed grade 3 edema according to the Godet scale and pain on deep palpation of the right knee. Initial biochemical studies showed significant metabolic abnormalities, including serum calcium of 16.9 mg/dL; ionized calcium, 7.94 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.22 mg/ dL; PTH level, 1604 pg/mL; and electrolyte disturbances such as potassium imbalance, hypomagnesemia, and hypophosphatemia, as well as indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Given the clinical and biochemical context, a whole-body computed tomography scan was performed, which revealed multiple osteolytic lesions involving the left maxilla, distal condyle of the right femur with pathological fracture, pelvis, scapulae, sternum, several thoracic vertebrae, and bilateral costal arches, suggestive of disseminated bone disease.
A bone biopsy of the right femoral lesion was performed, and the histopathological report revealed the presence of a brown tumor associated with hyperparathyroidism. Based on these findings, parathyroid scintigraphy was requested, which demonstrated an ectopic adenoma located in the right anterosuperior mediastinum (Figure 1).
Source: SOLCA - Guayaquil
The patient underwent an exploratory cervicotomy followed by resection of a parathyroid adenoma with intraoperative PTH monitoring according to the Miami criteria. The following post-incision values were obtained: 1,529 pg/mL at 5 minutes; 297 pg/mL at 10 minutes; and 231 pg/mL at 15 minutes. Intraoperative frozen section analysis was performed and reported as negative for malignancy; macroscopic features were consistent with benign pathology. However, subsequent immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated positivity for CD31, thus confirming tumor vascular invasion and allowing reclassification of the case as low-grade parathyroid carcinoma. Consequently, right hemithyroidectomy was indicated as part of the oncologic surgical management.
Subsequently, due to the pathological lesion of the right femur, an orthopedic procedure was performed. It included tumor curettage, bone cementation, and prophylactic osteosynthesis of the affected limb. As part of the metabolic management, the patient received an infusion of zoledronic acid. At present, the patient remains under multidisciplinary outpatient follow-up and is receiving replacement therapy with calcitriol, calcium carbonate, and cholecalciferol. Serum parathyroid hormone levels have remained within normal limits (PTH 58 pg/mL) with no clinical or biochemical evidence of disease recurrence according to the most recent PET/CT report (Figure 2).
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy (<1% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases) characterized by severe hypercalcemia (>17 mg/dL), markedly elevated PTH levels (>1600 pg/mL), and significant skeletal involvement, including pathological fractures and lytic lesions such as those observed in this patient [5,6].
Definitive diagnosis is established through histopathological examination of the complete surgical specimen following parathyroidectomy. Although certain features-such as cytological atypia or trabecular growth patterns-may suggest malignancy, the diagnosis requires clear evidence of invasion into surrounding tissues or the presence of metastases. According to the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, parathyroid neoplasms are considered malignant when angioinvasion, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, local invasion, or documented metastases are present [7]. Vascular invasion identified by CD31 is a known predictor of poor prognosis and is associated with increased mortality and recurrence rates. Atypical parathyroid tumors share some histological features with PC but lack definitive invasive characteristics. Immunohistochemistry, particularly markers such as parafibromin, galectin-3, and a Ki67 index >5%, supports the diagnostic process [8]. In cases where an initial simple resection is performed and malignancy is confirmed postoperatively, surgical re-exploration with hemithyroidectomy is mandatory to ensure tumor-free surgical margins [6,9].
These molecular and histopathological alterations not only contribute to understanding tumor pathogenesis but also allow for individualized targeted therapies. Recent literature highlights the emerging role of molecular biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells, as well as novel imaging modalities (including A18FFDG PET/CT and 4D CT) for advanced staging and follow-up [10].
En bloc resection with negative margins remains the cornerstone of treatment, as simple local excision is associated with high recurrence rates ranging from 8% to 51%. In this case, complementary hemithyroidectomy was consistent with current evidence-based recommendations [11,12].
Refractory hypercalcemia significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. The patient received zoledronic acid and calcium/vitamin D supplementation, in accordance with current clinical guidelines [13]. In advanced cases, agents such as Cinacalcet, Denosumab, and even targeted therapies have been evaluated in recent reports, showing favorable effects on calcium control and tumor stabilization [14,15].
In patients with advanced or metastatic disease, promising responses have been reported with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as Sorafenib, Lenvatinib, Everolimus, and Sunitinib, as well as combinations with Denosumab and calcimimetics-particularly in patients harboring activating mutations in pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, KDM5C, and CDC73 [16]. Although clinical trials remain limited, these therapies offer new perspectives, especially in multidisciplinary referral centers [15].
Five-year survival rates range from 60% to 93%, largely dependent on effective hypercalcemia control and complete surgical resection. The presence of bone metastases, as seen in this case, requires a multidisciplinary surgical approach, including orthopedic intervention, curettage, and cementation-to relieve symptoms and normalize calcium levels, findings that are consistent with previously reported series [17]. Strict long-term follow-up with monitoring of serum calcium, PTH levels, and functional and structural imaging is essential due to the high risk of late recurrence, ideally in experienced centers with adequate endocrinologic and orthopedic support [18].
Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon but potentially lifethreatening endocrine neoplasm characterized by severe hypercalcemia and serious skeletal complications. Its diagnosis requires specific histological criteria, such as vascular permeation and capsular invasion. En bloc surgical resection with negative margins remains the treatment of choice. In advanced cases, adjuvant and targeted medical therapies have been incorporated with encouraging results. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to control hypercalcemia, stabilize bone lesions, and reduce recurrence. Survival depends largely on metabolic control and complete tumor resection. Longterm followup is mandatory due to the high rate of late recurrence.
6.1 Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank the patient for consenting to the publication of this clinical case for academic and scientific purposes. We also acknowledge the patient's trust and the contribution of this experience to the continuous education of healthcare professionals.
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L.A. Erickson O. Mete C.C. Juhlin Resumen de la Clasificación de Tumores Paratiroideos de la OMS 2022Endocr Pathol3364-892022https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-022-09709-1
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RW Martínez RM Castaño A Rivera Martínez MJ Ramírez Castaño A Román González Update on the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid carcinoma: a narrative reviewRev Colomb Endocrinol Diabetes Metab0320252025 Sep 12121 https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.12.1.930
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[1] Zhindón Astudillo, M, Criollo Vargas, E, Arteaga Ludeña, L, Zambrano Franco E. Parathyroid carcinoma with multiple brown tumors and pathological fracture: A case report. Oncología (Ecuador). 2026;36(1): 69-74. https://doi.org/10.33821/780
La paratiroides está compuesta por cuatro glándulas que regulan el calcio sérico mediante la hormona paratiroidea (PTH), producida por las células principales. La PTH actúa en huesos, riñones e intestino, promoviendo la liberación, reabsorción y absorción de calcio, respectivamente, y estimulando la producción de vitamina D. Su liberación está regulada por los niveles de calcio y vitamina D mediante retroalimentación negativa. Las células oxífilas, presentes en menor cantidad, no tienen función endocrina clara. El hiperparatiroidismo eleva el calcio sérico y puede ser primario, secundario o terciario, mientras que el hipoparatiroidismo reduce el calcio y suele ser causado por cirugía. Ambos trastornos afectan gravemente el equilibrio mineral y neuromuscular [1].
El carcinoma paratiroideo (CP) es una neoplasia endocrina rara, que representa menos del 1% de los casos de hiperparatiroidismo primario y tiene una incidencia anual baja. Se presenta a cualquier edad, incluida la población pediátrica. La edad media al momento del diagnóstico es de 51-57 años en la mayoría de las series clínicas, sin preferencia de sexo, y su causa suele ser desconocida, aunque está asociado con síndromes genéticos como el de hiperparatiroidismo-tumor mandibular (HPT-JT) y mutaciones en el gen CDC73, entre otros [2,3].
Clínicamente, el CP se manifiesta con síntomas de hiperparatiroidismo severo y puede incluir masa palpable y complicaciones metabólicas graves. El diagnóstico definitivo requiere confirmación histológica de invasión tumoral, lo que dificulta su identificación preoperatoria. La cirugía temprana es el tratamiento de elección para mejorar el pronóstico, y debido a la rareza de esta enfermedad, reportes de casos son importantes para ampliar el conocimiento clínico y terapéutico [4].
Este reporte de caso presenta una experiencia clínica en Ecuador, en él se describe el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la evolución de un paciente con carcinoma paratiroideo, con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento y manejo de esta rara enfermedad en el contexto local.
Un paciente masculino de 27 años, sin antecedentes patológicos ni quirúrgicos de relevancia, fue remitido de un hospital de la red de salud pública del Ecuador por cuadro de dolor persistente en la rodilla derecha de aproximadamente un año de evolución, reagudizado luego de un evento traumático. A raíz de este evento, se realizaron estudios radiográficos de la extremidad, en los cuales se evidenció una lesión osteolítica en el cóndilo femoral distal derecho, asociada a fractura patológica. Por las características radiológicas de la lesión, se planteó como diagnóstico presuntivo un osteosarcoma.
A su ingreso hospitalario, el paciente se encontraba consciente, hemodinámicamente estable y refería dolor leve localizado en la extremidad afectada. El examen físico reveló edema grado 3 según escala de Godet y dolor a la palpación profunda en la rodilla derecha. Los estudios bioquímicos iniciales mostraron alteraciones metabólicas relevantes: calcio sérico 16,9 mg/dL, calcio iónico 7,94 mg/dL, creatinina 1,22 mg/ dL, PTH 1604 pg/mL y trastornos electrolíticos (potasio, hipomagnesemia e hipofosfatemia), además de hiperbilirrubinemia indirecta. Dado el contexto clínico y bioquímico, se realizó tomografía computarizada de cuerpo entero, la cual reportó múltiples lesiones osteolíticas, localizadas en maxilar izquierdo, cóndilo distal del fémur derecho con fractura patológica, pelvis, escápulas, esternón, varias vértebras dorsales y arcos costales bilaterales, sugestivas de enfermedad ósea diseminada.
Se realizó una biopsia ósea de la lesión en el fémur derecho, cuyo resultado histopatológico informó la presencia de un tumor pardo, hallazgo relacionado con hiperparatiroidismo. Ante estos hallazgos se solicitó gammagrafía paratiroidea, la cual evidenció un adenoma ectópico ubicado en mediastino anterosuperior derecho (Figura 1).
Fuente: SOLCA - Guayaquil
El paciente fue sometido a cervicotomía exploradora más resección de adenoma paratiroideo con protocolo PTH intraoperatoria mediante criterios Miami. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores posincisión: 1529 pg/mL a los 5 minutos; 297 pg/mL a los 10 minutos, y 231 pg/mL a los 15 minutos. También se obtuvo biopsia por congelación negativa para malignidad con características macroscópicas compatibles con patología benigna. No obstante, el estudio de inmunohistoquímica posterior evidenció positividad para CD31, que confirmó permeación vascular tumoral y permitió establecer el diagnóstico de carcinoma de paratiroides de bajo grado de diferenciación. En consecuencia, se realizó hemitiroidectomía derecha como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico oncológico.
Luego, debido a la lesión patológica en el fémur derecho, se realizó procedimiento ortopédico consistente en vaciamiento tumoral, cementación ósea y osteosíntesis profiláctica de la extremidad. Como parte del manejo metabólico, recibió infusión de ácido zoledrónico. Actualmente, el paciente continúa en seguimiento ambulatorio multidisciplinario, bajo tratamiento de reemplazo con calcitriol, carbonato de calcio e hidroferol; mantiene cifras séricas de hormona paratiroidea (PTH 58 pg/mL) dentro de parámetros normales y sin evidencia clínica ni bioquímica de recurrencia de la enfermedad según el último reporte de PET/CT (Figura 2).
El CP es una neoplasia endocrina rara (< 1 % de hiperparatiroidismo primario) que se caracteriza por hipercalcemia grave (≥ 17 mg/dL), PTH marcadamente elevada (> 1600 pg/mL) y afectación ósea franca; incluye también fracturas patológicas y lesiones líticas como las encontradas en este paciente [5,6].
El diagnóstico definitivo se realizó mediante el examen histopatológico de la pieza completa tras la paratiroidectomía. Aunque algunas características, como atipia citológica o crecimiento trabecular, sugieren malignidad, el diagnóstico requiere evidencia clara de invasión a tejidos circundantes o metástasis. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2022), se consideran malignas las neoplasias con angioinvasión, invasión linfática, perineural, local o metástasis documentadas [7]. La invasión vascular identificada por CD31 es un predictor de mal pronóstico, asociada a mayor mortalidad y recurrencia. Los tumores atípicos comparten rasgos con el CP, pero sin invasión evidente. La inmunohistoquímica, especialmente con parafibromina, galectina-3 y Ki-67 > 5 %, apoya el diagnóstico[8]. En casos en los que inicialmente se realiza una resección simple y posteriormente se confirma la malignidad, es bligaotoria una exploración quirúrgica con hemitiroidectomía para asegurar márgenes quirúrgicos libres [6,9].
Estas alteraciones no solo ayudan en la patogénesis, sino que también permiten individualizar terapias dirigidas. La literatura reciente destaca el uso emergente de biomarcadores moleculares como células tumorales circulantes y nuevas modalidades de imagen (18F-FDG PET/CT, 4DCT) para estadificación avanzada [10].
La resección en bloque con margen negativo sigue siendo el pilar del tratamiento, ya que una escisión local simple conlleva altos índices de recidiva, del 8 % al 51 %. En este caso, la hemitiroidectomía complementaria se ajusta a las recomendaciones basadas en evidencia [11,12].
La hipercalcemia refractaria contribuye significativamente a la morbimortalidad. Este paciente recibió zoledronato y suplemento de calcio/vitamina D, lo que se alinea con las guías actuales [13]. En casos avanzados, opciones derivadas como cinacalcet, denosumab o incluso terapia dirigida se han estudiado en reportes recientes con efectos favorables en el control del calcio y la estabilización tumoral [14,15].
En tumores avanzados o metastásicos, se reportan respuestas prometedoras de inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa (TKIs) como sorafenib, lenvatinib, everolimus, sunitinib, y combinaciones con denosumab y calcimiméticos, especialmente en pacientes con mutaciones activadoras (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, KDM5C, CDC73) [16]. Aunque los ensayos clínicos aún son limitados, estas terapias ofrecen nuevas esperanzas, sobre todo en centros de referencia multidisciplinarios [15].
La supervivencia a cinco años varía entre 60-93 %, condicionada por el control de hipercalcemia y la resección completa. La presencia de metástasis óseas, como en este caso, exige abordaje quirúrgico múltiple (ortopedia, vaciamiento, cementación), crucial para aliviar síntomas y normalizar el calcio, lo que coincide con observaciones de series revisadas [17]. Un seguimiento estricto en un centro con experiencia y adecuado soporte endocrinológico y ortopédico, con monitoreo de calcio, PTH e imágenes funcionales y estructurales, es esencial por la alta tasa de recidiva tardía [18].
El carcinoma de paratiroides es una neoplasia endocrina infrecuente pero potencialmente letal, caracterizada por hipercalcemia severa y complicaciones óseas graves. Su diagnóstico requiere criterios histológicos específicos, como permeación vascular e invasión capsular. La resección quirúrgica en bloque con márgenes negativos sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección. En casos avanzados, se han incorporado terapias médicas adyuvantes y dirigidas con resultados alentadores. El manejo multidisciplinario es imprescindible para controlar la hipercalcemia, estabilizar lesiones óseas y reducir recidivas. La supervivencia depende del control metabólico y de una resección completa. Un seguimiento prolongado es indispensable dada la alta tasa de recurrencia tardía.
6.1 Agradecimientos
Agradecemos profundamente al paciente por permitirnos compartir su caso clínico con fines académicos y científicos. Además, reconocemos su confianza y valoramos el aporte que, a través de su experiencia, brinda a la formación continua del personal de salud.
[4] Zhindón Astudillo, M, Criollo Vargas, E, Arteaga Ludeña, L, Zambrano Franco E. Carcinoma de paratiroides con tumores pardos múltiples y fractura patológica: reporte de caso. Oncología (Ecuador). 2026;36(1): 69-74. https://doi.org/10.33821/780