Oncologic neurosurgery in the era of precision medicine and the challenges ahead

Article / Artículo

https://doi.org/10.33821/865


 

Oncologic neurosurgery may be regarded as a medical subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and follow-up of primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in patients of all ages.

To fulfill this purpose, the oncologic neurosurgeon has to make objective use of neurosurgical techniques and procedures adapted to oncology; that is, the diagnosis and treatment of tumors involve a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgeons, neurologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists to address both cancer and its neurological complications, using advanced imaging, genetics, and personalized therapy [1,2].

Advanced imaging techniques, artificial intelligence (AI), and molecular biology are used to maximize tumor resection and preserve brain function. Technologies such as neuronavigation, intraoperative imaging (MRI/ ultrasound), and functional mapping (awake craniotomy) enable personalization, reduce sequelae, and improve survival [3-5].

Over time, through sustained and proactive effort, SOLCA-Guayaquil and its Neurosurgery Service have made these advances available to patients. Human and technological resources have also positioned them at the forefront in the country, while consistently striving to maintain a level comparable to that of referral centers in other regions. All of this with the main purpose of offering solutions for complex neuro-oncologic conditions according to the particularities of each case.

There are several factors or subsystems that interact synergistically with technology and knowledge, as well as with the results derived from their application over time, and they are reflected in accumulated experience and effort. In this regard, significant progress has been achieved, including the following subsystems [6-11]:

At SOLCA-Guayaquil, resources aimed at achieving a high degree of precision are broadly available; however, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging is not available, although in practice this limitation is reasonably offset by other previously mentioned tools and modalities. Likewise, magnetic resonance imaging is performed within the first 24 postoperative hours to establish the degree of tumor resection. Subsequently, the patient is prepared to receive adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, depending on each case.

In this context, oncologic neurosurgery (Figure 1) in the era of precision medicine has evolved from a predominantly extractive approach to a model centered on molecular biology and the use of innovative technologies, aimed at maximizing tumor resection without compromising neurological functions.

Figure 1

Technology in oncologic neurosurgery to achieve results safely and effectively.

2661-6653-onco-36-01-1-gf1.png

FLAIR: Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery. FLAIRectomy or resection of the peritumoral FLAIR hyperintensity An important aspect to be considered, in addition to precision, is safety and effectiveness.

Safety is a fundamental concept because it makes it possible to minimize, to the greatest extent possible, the side effects or collateral effects derived from any intervention. In the context of oncologic neurosurgery, this implies avoiding the appearance of new neurological deficits. More importantly, the higher objective is not only to preserve neurological function, but also to improve preexisting symptoms and deficits that compromise the patient's quality of life through a precise, planned intervention supported by the best available evidence [12,13].

What lies ahead is fully personalized oncologic neurosurgery and molecular biology. This era of precision will be achieved through the genomic analysis of each patient, for instance:

In this transformation scenario, oncologic neurosurgery is moving toward an increasingly precise, safe, and personalized model supported by the integration of molecular biology, artificial intelligence, and innovative technologies. These open a more hopeful perspective for patients with tumors of the central nervous system by translating into better outcomes and quality of life.

3. References

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MA Kamp B Malzkorn C von Sass F DiMeco CG Hadjipanayis C Senft Proposed definition of competencies for surgical neuro-oncology trainingJ Neurooncol20211531121131https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-021-03750-6

2. Figueredo LF, Shelton WJ, Tagle-Vega U, Sanchez E, de Macedo Filho L, Salazar AF, et al. The state of art of awake craniotomy in Latin American countries: a scoping review. J Neurooncol . 2023;164(2):287-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-023-04433-0

LF Figueredo WJ Shelton U Tagle-Vega E Sanchez L de Macedo Filho AF Salazar The state of art of awake craniotomy in Latin American countries: a scoping reviewJ Neurooncol20231642287298https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-023-04433-0

3. Takahashi S, Takahashi M, Tanaka S, Takayanagi S, Takami H, Yamazawa E, et al. A new era of neuro-oncology research pioneered by multi-omics analysis and machine learning. Biomolecules. 2021;11(4):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040565

S Takahashi M Takahashi S Tanaka S Takayanagi H Takami E Yamazawa A new era of neuro-oncology research pioneered by multi-omics analysis and machine learningBiomolecules2021114565565https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040565

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F Sahm L Bertero S Brandner D Capper R Goldbrunner MD Jenkinson European Association of Neuro-Oncology guideline on molecular testing of meningiomas for targeted therapy selectionNeuro Oncol2025274869883https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noae253

5. Taylor JW. Neuro-oncology is a team sport: is it time we added lifestyle coaches? Neurooncol Pract. 2023;10(3):217-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nop/npad012

JW Taylor Neuro-oncology is a team sport: is it time we added lifestyle coaches?Neurooncol Pract2023103217218https://doi.org/10.1093/nop/npad012

6. Guo X, Xing H, Pan H, Wang Y, Chen W, Wang H, et al. Neuronavigation combined with intraoperative ultrasound and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging versus neuronavigation alone in diffuse glioma surgery. World Neurosurg. 2024;192:e355-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.09.105

X Guo H Xing H Pan Y Wang W Chen H Wang Neuronavigation combined with intraoperative ultrasound and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging versus neuronavigation alone in diffuse glioma surgeryWorld Neurosurg2024192e355e365https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.09.105

7. Joud A, Stella I, Klein O. Diffuse infiltrative pontine glioma biopsy in children with neuronavigation, frameless procedure: A single center experience of 10 cases. Neurochirurgie. 2020;66(5):345-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.05.007

A Joud I Stella O Klein Diffuse infiltrative pontine glioma biopsy in children with neuronavigation, frameless procedure: A single center experience of 10 casesNeurochirurgie2020665345348https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.05.007

8. Sun GC, Wang F, Chen XL, Yu XG, Ma XD, Zhou DB, et al. Impact of virtual and augmented reality based on intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and functional neuronavigation in glioma surgery involving eloquent areas. World Neurosurg. 2016;96:375-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.107

GC Sun F Wang XL Chen XG Yu XD Ma DB Zhou Impact of virtual and augmented reality based on intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and functional neuronavigation in glioma surgery involving eloquent areasWorld Neurosurg201696375382https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.107

9. Berger MS. The fluorescein-guided technique. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;36(2):E6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.FOCUS13535

MS Berger The fluorescein-guided techniqueNeurosurg Focus2014362E6https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.FOCUS13535

10. Perera Valdivia D, Zapata Vega L, Herrera Pérez E, Toledo Cisneros F, Gómez López L, Guzmán Reynoso L, et al. Effects of the use of neuronavigation in patients with supratentorial brain gliomas: a cohort study. World Neurosurg. 2024;187:e860-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.002

D Perera Valdivia L Zapata Vega E Herrera Pérez F Toledo Cisneros L Gómez López L Guzmán Reynoso Effects of the use of neuronavigation in patients with supratentorial brain gliomas: a cohort studyWorld Neurosurg2024187e860e869https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.002

11. Morshed RA, Young JS, Lee AT, Hervey-Jumper SL. Functional mapping for glioma surgery, part 2: intraoperative mapping tools. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2021;32(1):75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2020.09.001

RA Morshed JS Young AT Lee SL Hervey-Jumper Functional mapping for glioma surgery, part 2: intraoperative mapping toolsNeurosurg Clin N Am20213217581https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2020.09.001

12. Westman M, Takala R, Rahi M, Ikonen TS. The need for surgical safety checklists in neurosurgery now and in the future: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:614-628.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.140

M Westman R Takala M Rahi TS Ikonen The need for surgical safety checklists in neurosurgery now and in the future: a systematic reviewWorld Neurosurg2020134614628.e3https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.140

13. Ruiz Colón GD, Wu A, Ratliff JK, Prolo LM. Quality and patient safety research in pediatric neurosurgery: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(5):1147-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-022-05821-z

GD Ruiz Colón A Wu JK Ratliff LM Prolo Quality and patient safety research in pediatric neurosurgery: a reviewChilds Nerv Syst202339511471158https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-022-05821-z

How to cite: Chong Loor C. Oncologic neurosurgery in the era of precision medicine and the challenges ahead. Oncología (Ecuador). 202636(1): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.33821/865

1. Administrative information

1.1 Author contributions The author made all relevant contributions: conceptualization, original draft writing, review, and editing.

1.2 Funding None.

1.3 Availability of data and materials None.

2. Statements

2.1 Ethics committee approval Not applicable.

2.2 Consent for publication Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain personal data or identifiable patient information.


Neurocirugía oncológica en la era de la medicina de precisión y los retos pendientes


La neurocirugía oncológica podría considerarse una subespecialidad médica dedicada al diagnóstico, tratamiento quirúrgico y seguimiento de tumores primarios y metastásicos del sistema nervioso central (cerebro y médula espinal) en pacientes de todas las edades.

El neurocirujano oncológico requiere, para llevar a efecto este propósito, usar de forma objetiva técnicas neuroquirúrgicas y procedimientos que se adecuan al campo de la oncología; es decir, en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los tumores participa un equipo multidisciplinario que involucra a neurocirujanos, neurólogos, oncólogos y radioterapeutas para abordar tanto el cáncer como sus complicaciones neurológicas, utilizando técnicas avanzadas de imagen, genética y terapia personalizada [1,2].

Las técnicas avanzadas de imagen, inteligencia artificial (IA) y biología molecular se utilizan para maximizar la resección tumoral y preservar funciones cerebrales. Tecnologías como la neuronavegación, la imagenología intraoperatoria (MRI/ecografía) y el mapeo funcional (craneotomía con el paciente despierto) permiten personalización, lo que reduce secuelas y mejora la supervivencia [3-5].

El Hospital SOLCA-Guayaquil y el Servicio de Neurocirugía han logrado, a través del tiempo y mediante un esfuerzo propositivo sostenido, poner a disposición de los pacientes estos avances. Asimismo, cuentan con recursos humanos y tecnológicos que les han permitido posicionarse a la vanguardia en el país, procurando de manera constante mantener un nivel equiparable al de centros de referencia en otras latitudes. Todo ello con el firme propósito de ofrecer la resolución de complejos padecimientos neurooncológicos, según las particularidades de cada caso.

Existen diversos factores o subsistemas que interactúan de manera sinérgica con la tecnología y el conocimiento, así como con los resultados que se derivan de su aplicación a lo largo del tiempo, reflejados en la experiencia y el esfuerzo acumulados. En este sentido, se han logrado avances significativos en este proceso. Estos subsistemas incluyen [6-11]:

En el Hospital SOLCA-Guayaquil se cuenta con una amplia disponibilidad de recursos orientados a alcanzar un alto grado de precisión; sin embargo, no se dispone de resonancia magnética intraoperatoria, la cual es, en la práctica, razonablemente suplida mediante otras herramientas y modalidades previamente ya mencionadas. Asimismo, se realiza resonancia magnética dentro de las primeras 24 horas del posoperatorio con el fin de establecer el grado de resección tumoral. Posteriormente, el paciente es preparado para recibir tratamiento coadyuvante con quimioterapia o radioterapia o ambos tratamientos según cada caso.

En este contexto, la neurocirugía oncológica (Figura 1) en la era de la medicina de precisión ha evolucionado desde un enfoque predominantemente extractivo hacia un modelo centrado en la biología molecular y en el uso de tecnologías de vanguardia, orientado a maximizar la resección tumoral sin comprometer la funcionalidad neurológica.

Un aspecto importante para considerar además de la precisión es la seguridad y efectividad.

Figura 1

Tecnología en neurocirugía oncológica.

2661-6653-onco-36-01-1-gf2.png

FLAIR: Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery. FLAIRectomía o resección de la hiperintensidad peritumoral en FLAIR.

La seguridad es un concepto fundamental, ya que permite minimizar, en la medida de lo posible, los efectos secundarios o colaterales derivados de cualquier intervención. En el contexto de la neurocirugía oncológica, esto implica evitar la aparición de nuevos déficits neurológicos. Más aún, el objetivo superior es no solo preservar la función neurológica, sino también mejorar los síntomas y déficits preexistentes que comprometen la calidad de vida del paciente, mediante una intervención precisa, planificada y sustentada en la mejor evidencia disponible [12,13].

Entre las tendencias futuras está la neurocirugía oncológica totalmente personalizada y la biología molecular. Esta era de precisión se conseguirá por el análisis genómico de cada paciente:

En este escenario de transformación, la neurocirugía oncológica avanza hacia un modelo cada vez más preciso, seguro y personalizado, sustentado en la integración de la biología molecular, la inteligencia artificial y las tecnologías de vanguardia. Esto abre una perspectiva con mejores desenlaces clínicos para los pacientes con tumores del sistema nervioso central, al traducirse en mejores resultados y calidad de vida.

Cómo citar: Chong Loor C. Neurocirugía oncológica en la era de la medicina de precisión y los retos pendientes. Oncología (Ecuador). 202636(1): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.33821/865

1. Información administrativa

1.2 Contribución de los autores El autor realizó todas las contribuciones correspondientes: conceptualización, redacción-borrador original, redacción-revisión y edición.

1.3 Financiamiento Ninguno.

1.4 Disponibilidad de datos y materiales Ninguno.

2. Declaraciones

2.1 Aprobación del comité de ética No aplica.

2.2 Consentimiento para la publicación No aplica, ya que el manuscrito no contiene datos personales ni información identifiable de pacientes.